Psychedelic Research Incubator — Sheri Eckert Foundation
Sheri Eckert Foundation · Psychedelic Research Incubator

Real-world research,
built for public benefit.

We help move the most important questions about psychedelic care — who gets access, what it costs, what outcomes matter, and how to make it safer — from early ideas into ethical, fundable, measurable studies. Especially where commercial incentives fall short.

Named for Sheri Eckert, who helped create the United States' first psychedelic healthcare program — and the first publicly available, state-regulated model of its kind in the world. We carry her work forward.

Why this matters

For fifty years, promising medicine was kept from the public. We're changing how that medicine gets studied.

Many of the most important questions in psychedelic care will never be answered by commercial incentives alone. The most-studied compounds are naturally occurring or off-patent — so traditional pharmaceutical investment largely passes them by. Meanwhile, the FDA-track path to a single approval can cost hundreds of millions, even a billion dollars.

Our Research Incubator exists to ask the public-benefit questions instead: Who gets access? What does care cost? What outcomes matter? How can services be safer? Can state-regulated models generate credible real-world evidence — the kind payers, policymakers, and health systems need before they'll support coverage? We don't just fund isolated studies. We help build the research, measurement, and policy infrastructure that lets community-based psychedelic care become equitable, accountable, and — eventually — reimbursable.

The commercial pathway

How most medicine reaches approval

Profit-driven by designSponsors fund trials expecting patent-protected returns.
~$1.1B per CNS approvalOne estimate for a nervous-system drug (2018 dollars).
Off-patent compounds skippedLittle incentive to study naturally occurring medicine.
Cost & time to evidence — very high

The public-benefit pathway

What SEF helps make possible

Philanthropy fills the gapFunding research that serves people, not patents.
Inside legal, regulated programsRigorous studies using Oregon & Colorado infrastructure.
Faster, lower-cost, real-worldEvidence on access, cost, safety & equity — sooner.
Cost & time to evidence — dramatically lower

This is a complement to FDA-track research — not a replacement for it.

Test your instinct

FDA pathway vs. the state model — who actually gets care?

Fifteen quick questions, built from the data on this page plus a few peer-reviewed sources. Guess first — the answers reveal why the FDA pathway, though essential, is narrow by design, and why the state-regulated model can reach far more people, far sooner.

Question 1 of 15 Score 0 / 15

Each answer notes its source. Figures are illustrative of the access gap, not precise forecasts — eligibility, capacity, and coverage all shape who is reached.

A record of firsts

In under three years, Oregon became the proving ground — and our studies were among the first to run inside it.

Hover or tap a card to see the study behind each first.

"It was a life-changing healing experience, and one that would have been quite different had I taken the do-it-yourself home route."
— Henry W. · Participant, SEF & Healing Advocacy Fund–supported Oregon alcohol-use study
0people have moved through Oregon's regulated psilocybin services
0mean participant satisfaction in our completed depression study
0field-wide value of building real-world evidence the field can't otherwise afford
0regulated venues — Oregon, Colorado & New Mexico — for our next studies
SSRN · 2026 · Working paper

The Imperative for Economic Evaluation in Psychedelic-Assisted Therapies

Featured paper

The case for asking not just whether psychedelic care works — but what it costs, and who it reaches.

In 2026, SEF Executive Director Nathan Howard co-authored The Imperative for Economic Evaluation in Psychedelic-Assisted Therapies — a paper arguing that psychedelic care must be evaluated not only for clinical promise, but for affordability, access, and public value. Nathan's contribution focuses on the funding gap in psychedelic research, and the opportunity to run rigorous, lower-cost studies inside state-regulated care models.

A note from Nathan

Why state-regulated research matters

In Nathan's words — the problem with how this research gets funded, the opening that state programs create, and the role philanthropy can play.

1 The problem

Profit incentives are pointed the wrong way

The FDA approval process expects profit-driven sponsors to finance the research. But the most-studied psychedelics are naturally occurring or off-patent — so there's little commercial reason to study them. Even MAPS's record-setting philanthropic push for MDMA wasn't enough; it had to spin up a for-profit (Lykos) to attract investment. Natural, preventive, and holistic treatments end up under-funded, under-researched, and uncovered by insurance.

2 The opportunity

State programs make rigor faster and cheaper

Funding research inside state-regulated models can be less expensive and faster than the conventional FDA pathway — while preserving participant safety. Our Low-Income Group Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for Depression study is proof: by using Oregon's existing regulated infrastructure, investigators ran a preregistered, DEA-consulted study with far lower overhead than an FDA-overseen trial, fully compliant with state law.

3 SEF's role

Value for the philanthropic dollar

Careful trial design is essential — some activities legal under state law still sit in tension with unenforced federal statutes, and participants are consented accordingly. But there's no reason rigorous trials can't be done with the right referrals and a clear understanding of the law. This isn't about abandoning FDA-track research. It's about an opening the research and philanthropic community shouldn't neglect.

"The opportunity to produce impactful real-world research inside state programs is not one we should neglect."

— Nathan Howard, Executive Director, Sheri Eckert Foundation

Spotlight study · Complete

Low-Income Group Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for Depression

The first clinical study run inside Oregon's regulated program — and the first anywhere built around a low-income population. A $30,000 catalytic grant to the National University of Natural Medicine produced peer-reviewed, real-world evidence at a fraction of FDA-track cost.

First in-program study Low-income focus $30K catalytic grant Results · Aug 2025

Two group psilocybin sessions at a licensed center in NW Portland, with brief virtual preparation and group integration. Mushrooms were donated by an Oregon-licensed cultivator; SSRIs were permitted throughout. Open-label feasibility pilot — small, but a real signal in a real population.

NUNMSynaptic InstituteOHSUSatori Farms (donated)

Depression score across the study

Tap a timepoint ↓
22.2HAM-D
Severe

Average HAM-D depression score at intake — squarely in the severe range. Participants were adults facing financial barriers to care.

Quality of life climbed

Self-rated quality of life (0–10), baseline → three months.

Self-rated quality of life5.9 → 7.4

All eight PROMIS-29 domains improved significantly at treatment completion (p<.05):

AnxietyDepressionFatigueSleepSocial rolePain interferencePain intensityPhysical function

By the numbers

An open-label feasibility pilot — small sample, strong signal, zero harm.

19/24
completers · 79% completion
d=1.89
HAM-D effect size at completion (p<.001)
4.8/5
mean participant satisfaction
0
serious adverse events reported
The philanthropic leverage

The same evidence — two very different price tags and timelines.

$30K
≈$1,250 per participant — catalytic grant to NUNM
~9 months
Funding (Nov 26, 2024) → public results (Aug 8, 2025)
Oregon OPS
A living laboratory — safety infrastructure built into every dose

Decision-useful outcomes at very low cost: FDA-style trials producing comparable clinical endpoints and safety readouts typically require ≈$7–20M per Phase 2 and ≈$12–53M per Phase 3 — MDMA’s Phase 3 program alone raised ≈$30M — placing this study’s evidence production on the order of hundreds to ~1,000× less expensive, on a ≥3× shorter clock.

These efficiencies are structural, not shortcuts. State programs function as living laboratories with safety infrastructure that applies to every dose delivered: dosing confined to licensed service centers (no take-home), continuous in-person monitoring by licensed facilitators, documented safety and transportation plans with post-dose driving prohibited, 72-hour follow-up with offered integration, batch potency testing and statewide product tracking, and center-level emergency planning with adverse-event reporting (OAR 333-333; 4 CCR 755-1). FDA trials enforce GCP per-trial; the state model codifies these protections system-wide.

"Early evidence that an OPS-compliant, lower-cost group model can be safe, acceptable, and impactful for people facing financial barriers to care."

— A finding of the study, published in the Journal of Psychedelic Studies (2026)
References — cost, speed & safety comparison

Colorado Department of Regulatory Agencies, Division of Professions and Occupations. (2024). 4 CCR 755-1: Natural Medicine licensure rules and regulations. https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/

Colorado Department of Regulatory Agencies, Division of Professions and Occupations. (2024). Natural Medicine: Standardized session forms (Safety Plan, Transportation Plan, Adverse Reaction Report). https://dpo.colorado.gov/NaturalMedicine

Food and Drug Administration. (2023, June). Psychedelic drugs: Considerations for clinical investigations (Draft Guidance). https://www.fda.gov/

Food and Drug Administration. (2024, January 31). Advancing psychedelic clinical study design (Workshop). https://www.fda.gov/

KLCC. (2025, August 9). Oregon study shows psilocybin therapy helped low-income people fight depression. https://www.klcc.org/

KGW Staff. (2025, August 9). Oregon study looks at psilocybin therapy impacts for lower-income people. https://www.kgw.com/

MAPS (Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies). (2019). MAPS announces $30 million philanthropic campaign for Phase 3 MDMA-assisted therapy. https://maps.org/

National University of Natural Medicine. (2024, November 26). NUNM receives Sheri Eckert Foundation grant to study psilocybin-assisted therapy for depression. https://nunm.edu/

Oregon Health Authority. (2024, November 22). Final amended text: Oregon Psilocybin Services (Division 333) rules. https://www.oregon.gov/oha/

Oregon Secretary of State. (2025). OAR 333-333-4460: Service center emergency plan. https://secure.sos.state.or.us/oard/

Oregon Secretary of State. (2025). OAR 333-333-5000: Client preparation; safety & support plan. https://secure.sos.state.or.us/oard/

Oregon Secretary of State. (2025). OAR 333-333-5150: Transportation plan requirements. https://secure.sos.state.or.us/oard/

Oregon Secretary of State. (2025). OAR 333-333-5200: Administration session requirements (continuous in-person monitoring). https://secure.sos.state.or.us/oard/

Oregon Secretary of State. (2025). OAR 333-333-5240: Administration session—observe consumption; no off-site use; destroy remainder. https://secure.sos.state.or.us/oard/

Oregon Secretary of State. (2025). OAR 333-333-5260: Post-session follow-up and integration. https://secure.sos.state.or.us/oard/

Oregon Secretary of State. (2025). OAR 333-333-7040: Potency testing standards. https://secure.sos.state.or.us/oard/

PR Newswire. (2024, November 26). Oregon naturopathic university receives $30K grant for psilocybin therapy study. https://www.prnewswire.com/

Sertkaya, A., Wong, H.-H., Jessup, A., & Beleche, T. (2016). Key cost drivers of pharmaceutical clinical trials in the United States. Clinical Trials, 13(2), 117–126. https://doi.org/10.1177/1740774515625964

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. (2014). Examination of clinical trial costs and barriers to drug development. https://aspe.hhs.gov/

Flagship initiative · In development

ORCHID asks the one question that could unlock access for millions: does psychedelic care save the system money?

A collaboration anchored at UC Berkeley and UCSF, ORCHID links real psilocybin care to real medical-claims data — the kind of economic evidence payers and policymakers need before they'll cover it. SEF is a founding partner.

$1.79M
total project investment
~1,500
retrospective cohort (ORCHID I)
Walk the deck to unlock the case for access 11 slides · each milestone unlocks the next
Slide 1 / 11

The ORCHID project

Psychedelic care may be one of the rare treatments that pays for itself.

ORCHID — a real-world evidence collaborative anchored at UC Berkeley and UCSF — is built to test whether psilocybin-assisted care reduces downstream medical spending. If it does, the argument for public funding and insurance coverage changes overnight.

UC BerkeleyUCSFSheri Eckert Foundation

Why a health economist is leading it

This is an evidence problem, framed by people who price healthcare for a living.

ORCHID is led by health economist Elliot Marseille and built with global-health and economics specialists. Their starting premise: the clinical signal for psychedelic therapy is strong — what's missing is the economic evidence that decision-makers use to fund and cover care.

Elliot Marseille · Project lead, health economics

The problem

Psychedelic care works. But millions can't access it.

280M+
people live with depression worldwideWHO
~2 in 3
don't reach remission on standard treatmentClinical literature
67%
of treatment-resistant patients responded to psilocybin in trialsJohns Hopkins
71%
PTSD remission with MDMA-assisted therapy in Phase 3MAPS / UCSF

The science is landing. But out-of-pocket costs of $2,000–$5,000 per session put it out of reach for most of the people who need it.

The bottleneck

One question is blocking access.

FDA trials show
  • Efficacy & safety
  • Regulatory approval
  • Clinical legitimacy
State programs show
  • Real-world delivery
  • Who actually shows up
  • What care really costs
What insurers need
  • Total cost of care
  • Downstream savings
  • Budget impact

Coverage decisions don't hinge on whether it works. They hinge on what it costs the system. That's not a science problem — it's an evidence problem.

Introducing ORCHID

The first study built to answer the cost question.

First
  • First real-world economic study of psychedelic care at scale
Real-world
  • Uses actual medical claims, not just trial data
Timely
  • Built for the moment states and payers are deciding
  • Even the new ibogaine laws point here — Texas SB 2308 requires payer-approval plans (Medicare, Medicaid, TRICARE) before trials begin

ORCHID connects who received psilocybin care to what happened to their healthcare spending afterward — the missing link between clinical promise and public coverage.

The design

Two studies, one platform.

ORCHID I~24 months
Retrospective — look back at real claims
  • ~1,500-person retrospective cohort
  • Links psilocybin care to medical-claims history
  • Establishes the early cost signal
ORCHID II~42 months
Prospective — follow new patients forward
  • Enrolls patients and tracks outcomes & spending
  • Tests durability and budget impact
  • Built for payer-grade evidence

A platform designed to start with psilocybin, then extend to ibogaine, ketamine, and future compounds.

Three pathways to access

If the evidence lands, three doors open.

State-funded programs
  • New Mexico has committed $630,000 toward access
  • Public dollars, public benefit
Employer & self-insured plans
  • Employers absorbing mental-health costs
  • A faster route than national coverage
Commercial insurance
  • The largest prize — and the highest evidence bar
  • Exactly what ORCHID is built to clear

Each pathway turns on the same thing: proof of total cost of care.

The stakes

Two futures hang on this evidence.

If ORCHID succeeds
  • Psychedelic care moves from boutique to system-supported
  • Public funding and coverage become defensible
  • Access becomes a right, not a privilege
Care for millions.
If the evidence never comes
  • Care stays expensive and out-of-pocket
  • Coverage stalls for lack of cost data
  • Access stays limited to those who can pay
Care for a few.

The team

Built by people who set the standards.

Elliot MarseilleHealth economics · project lead
Stefano BertozziPublic health · UC Berkeley
Robin Carhart-HarrisNeuroscience · UCSF
James G. KahnHealth economics · UCSF
Will LucasImplementation partner
Nathan HowardSheri Eckert Foundation

Advisory network

NorrisLoehrBronnerToddRollinsJesse

The investment

$1.79M to build the evidence base for an entire field.

Because the compounds are off-patent, no pharmaceutical sponsor will fund this. Philanthropy is the only path — and the leverage is enormous: a few million dollars of evidence could unlock billions in coverage and public funding.

Year 1Launch ORCHID I — build the retrospective cohort and data linkages
Year 2First cost signal; design and open ORCHID II prospective enrollment
Yr 3–3.5Prospective outcomes & budget-impact analysis — payer-grade evidence

The choice

Access for millions — or access for a few.

ORCHID is how the field proves its public value. Three ways to move it forward:

Fund
  • Catalytic philanthropy to launch the studies
Connect
  • Introductions to data partners & payers
Collaborate
  • Researchers, programs & states at the table

Sheri Eckert Foundation · nate@sherieckert.org

The questions ORCHID answers

Five questions that decide whether psychedelic care reaches the people who need it.

Most people pay $2,000–$5,000 out of pocket per session. The care works and legal pathways exist — yet insurance won't cover what it can't evaluate. That single gap keeps access limited to those who can afford to self-pay.

That's the core question. By linking participants' real medical claims — ER visits, hospitalizations, prescriptions — before and after care, ORCHID can show whether psychedelic services shift spending away from acute and crisis care toward prevention.

Payers cover treatments when real-world data shows reduced costs and improved outcomes. They need net cost impact per member and validated outcomes in real populations — not just efficacy under controlled trial conditions.

FDA trials measure efficacy under controlled conditions and are drug-company funded. State programs run at scale right now — but have no claims linkage and no commercial sponsor. It isn't a science problem; it's an evidence problem.

Preliminary cost findings in roughly 24 months, with full longitudinal evidence around 42 months — years before equivalent claims data could emerge through the FDA-regulated pipeline.

The portfolio

A growing portfolio of real-world studies inside regulated programs.

Filter by stage or theme. Each project is designed to answer a public-benefit question commercial research won't — and to build evidence the whole field can use.

What we found

Two group psilocybin sessions produced a large, statistically significant drop in depression (HAM-D effect size d=1.89), with gains largely sustained at three months and zero serious adverse events.

22.2→8.8
HAM-D baseline → completion
95%
retention (n=19)
$30K
catalytic grant

Partners

NUNMSynaptic InstituteOHSU
Explore study

The idea

A community-based pilot pairing licensed psilocybin services with measurement, delivered at a licensed Oregon center. It tested feasibility and acceptability for people seeking to change their relationship with alcohol — outside a hospital trial setting.

Primary partner

Run in partnership with the Healing Advocacy Fund, a primary research partner that supported participant recruitment, enrollment, and funding.

Participant voice

"It was a life-changing healing experience, and one that would have been quite different had I taken the do-it-yourself home route." — Henry W., participant.

Partners

Healing Advocacy FundInnerTrekPeople Science
Explore study

Why it matters

ORCHID is the first study designed to show whether psychedelic care changes downstream healthcare spending — the evidence insurers and states need before they'll fund it. Two studies (retrospective + prospective), anchored at UC Berkeley and UCSF.

$1.79M
total investment
~1,500
retrospective cohort
~24 mo
to first findings
Explore study

The idea

Fragmented measurement makes real-world programs hard to evaluate. OPEN builds shared instruments and data practices across providers — turning scattered service delivery into comparable, poolable evidence.

Explore project

The idea

Through the Inward Dive Fund, SEF helps pioneer one of the nation's first programs offering subsidized psilocybin-assisted healing to justice-impacted individuals — pairing access with trauma-informed integration and measurement.

Explore project

The idea

Group administration can sharply cut the clinician time per participant while supporting outcomes through a shared therapeutic container. Building on published cost-effectiveness work, this stream models how group delivery could widen access inside state programs.

~35%
modeled clinician-cost cut (psilocybin-MDD)
~51%
modeled cut (MDMA-PTSD)
Access
the primary dividend

Group work expands access and supports outcomes; head-to-head efficacy vs. individual care is still being studied.

Explore project

Measurement backbone · OHSU

If you can't measure it the same way twice, you can't build evidence.

Real-world programs generate enormous amounts of experience — but scattered, inconsistent data can't move policy. OPEN works to give the field a shared measurement framework, so studies across providers and states can be compared, pooled, and trusted.

Common outcome measures

Validated instruments used consistently across sites — so a result in one program means the same thing in another.

Shared data practices

Consistent consent, capture, and de-identification standards that protect participants and enable pooled analysis.

Provider collaboration

Facilitators and centers contributing to a common evidence base instead of isolated record-keeping.

Safety signal tracking

Standardized adverse-event capture so the field can monitor and improve safety in real time.

Real-world outcomes

Effectiveness measured in the people who actually show up — not just trial-eligible volunteers.

Claims & cost linkage

The connective tissue that lets outcomes be tied to healthcare use — the foundation ORCHID builds on.

Federal investment · 2026

$3.3M NIH-supported measurement work

Public research dollars backing rigorous, standardized outcome measurement for real-world psychedelic care — a signal that this evidence is being taken seriously at the national level.

OHSU →
Consensus · 2024

An e-Delphi outcomes consensus

A structured expert-consensus process to agree on which outcomes matter most in regulated psilocybin care — the groundwork for measuring the same things, everywhere.

From evidence to access

Research is how a state-regulated model earns the trust to spread.

Insurance and public funding don't arrive on hope. They arrive when the model is shown to work — which builds public trust, which drives other states to adopt it, which is what ultimately unlocks coverage. Evidence is the first link in that chain.

Step 1
Real-world evidence

Rigorous studies inside legal programs show safety, outcomes & cost.

Step 2
Public trust

Credible results build confidence among the public and policymakers.

Step 3
State adoption

More states adopt the model as the evidence and trust grow.

The goal
Access & coverage

Public funding and insurance follow — making care affordable at scale.

The national landscape

Where psychedelic policy is moving — and where research can follow.

U.S. psychedelic policy is no longer a single-track "decriminalization story." It now runs in four distinct lanes: local decriminalization, state research & task-force laws, state-regulated access programs, and the federal FDA drug-development pathway. By May 2026 the cycle had produced 115 psychedelics-related bills — 108 state and 7 federal — with 17 signed into law, and ibogaine emerged as the defining state-level theme: 25 bills across 14 states.

Every state and D.C. is now profiled. The map ranks each place by its highest-order verified policy state — a functioning regulator outranks a council resolution — not by "legal vs. illegal." Hover for status; tap for the detail, key bills, sources, and how confident we are in each entry. URLs last verified 2026-06-11.

All 50 states + D.C. are profiled with sources and a confidence flag in this sweep. Categories follow the hierarchy: regulated program → pilot / hospital access → research / task-force / clinical-development law → active legislation → local decriminalization → past effort → no current action.

Major U.S. psychedelic policy milestones — the pivot from municipal deprioritization to state programs to the new ibogaine innovation strategy

Go deeper

From the map to the model — swipe through seven views.

Start here

Four lanes, one goal — reaching people who are suffering.

The FDA route is essential but narrow and slow — no classic psychedelic therapy has yet secured FDA approval, and the 2024 rejection of MDMA-assisted therapy proved that momentum is not approval. Meanwhile states aren't waiting: Oregon and Colorado run regulated access programs, New Jersey enacted a hospital pilot, and Texas, Mississippi, and Kentucky invented a state-funded ibogaine clinical-development model. The views below unpack each layer. Swipe, or jump straight in:

Pathway comparator

Two pathways to access, scored.

Qualitative signals on a 0–100 scale, drawn from the reporting and modeling behind this page. Both pathways matter — the point is that they do different jobs.

Oregon-like state modelFDA / pharma track

Speed and cost signals reflect Reuters/AP reporting on the 2026 federal push (expedited reviews, not approvals), Oregon out-of-pocket pricing, and published cost estimates. Leading federal compounds are candidates, not approved medicines.

Scenario explorer

Under an Oregon-like model, how many adults could be reached?

These are clearly-labeled SEF policy scenarios for planning — not forecasts of real-world uptake. Population figures are illustrative placeholders pending a Census + CMS pull.

Screening pass-rate60%
Uptake among eligible6%
Layers are shown separately, never summed — the same person can appear in more than one. Counts are illustrative of scale under the chosen assumptions, not predictions.

The bill ledger

Every principal measure verified this sweep.

The map-relevant catalog of principal state measures — not a line-by-line scrape of every companion bill or refiling. Two lanes dominate: the ibogaine / FDA clinical-development lane (the defining theme of this cycle) and the psilocybin & broader-access lane.

Highest-momentum measures right now: Washington's access bills, Minnesota HF 2906, Illinois HB 2992, Vermont's working-group continuation, New Jersey's enacted pilot — and the ibogaine clinical-development statutes in Texas, Kentucky, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Missouri.

Cities & the ballot box

Where cities moved first.

Municipal reform is overwhelmingly a story of decriminalization and lowest-priority resolutions — politically and symbolically important, real effects on police culture and prosecutor norms, but not licensing regimes, and they don't preempt state or federal law. Denver, D.C., Ann Arbor, Detroit, Seattle, Arcata, and the Massachusetts cities set the key mechanism precedents.

At the ballot box.

The most consequential direct-democracy measures to date — and why Massachusetts swung back to legislative and municipal routes after its 2024 statewide loss. Alaska is the clearest currently-filed future statewide effort.

Federal & the pipeline

Federal policy is a drug-development story, not a legalization story.

FDA issued psychedelic clinical-trial guidance in 2023, rejected the first MDMA-assisted-therapy application in 2024 — and in April 2026 the White House and FDA publicly moved to accelerate serious-mental-illness therapies, specifically naming psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression.

The clinical pipeline, keyed to ClinicalTrials.gov.

Psilocybin and LSD now have the clearest major-company pivotal U.S. paths; 5-MeO-DMT is no longer fringe; states are building ibogaine's development infrastructure themselves; and MDMA remains the cautionary tale for any "assume approval is imminent" model.

The research spine

How policy momentum becomes evidence — and access.

Each project answers a public-benefit question the map raises, building the kind of evidence states and payers need.

Project scope is summarized from public materials — confirm against SEF internal records before publishing as final.

Who to watch

Three model families, the next-move states, and the ecosystem driving them.

These pathways are politically, legally, and operationally different — the map deliberately does not imply they're rungs of one ladder.

By the numbers

The same questions, answered for a tiny fraction of the cost.

Why philanthropy inside state programs is such efficient leverage — and what the evidence already shows.

The cost of evidence

Approximate cost to produce comparable clinical endpoints and safety readouts, by pathway. All bars share one linear scale — the smallest are widened slightly to stay visible. The gap is the point.

Typical Phase 3 trial (across therapeutic areas)≈$12–53M
MDMA Phase 3 program (funds raised)≈$30M
Typical Phase 2 trial≈$7–20M
ORCHID (real-world cost & outcomes)$1.79M
LIGPAT depression study (≈$1,250 per participant)$30K
Speed — typical Phase 2, start → readout~33 months
Speed — LIGPAT, funding → public results~9 months

Phase benchmarks: HHS/ASPE (2014) and Sertkaya et al. (2016) — ≈$7–20M per Phase 2 and ≈$12–53M per Phase 3 across therapeutic areas; MDMA Phase 3 fundraising ≈$30M (MAPS, 2019). LIGPAT delivered decision-useful endpoints for ≈$30K — on the order of hundreds to ~1,000× less expensive, and ≥3× faster than a typical Phase 2.

Depression fell — and held

Average HAM-D depression score in the LIGPAT study. Lower is better; under 8 is considered remission-range.

remission range (≈8) 22.2 8.8 11.9 Baseline Completion 3 months
SevereRemission-rangeSustained

Who each pathway can reach

An FDA approval would help a specific, diagnosis-restricted group. A state-regulated model is open to far more people — any qualifying adult, regardless of diagnosis.

FDA pathway
~2.3M

U.S. adults estimated eligible for psilocybin therapy for depression, after diagnosis and comorbidity screens — of ~14.8M with a major depressive episode each year.

State model
Adults 21+

Open to qualifying adults regardless of diagnosis — a far larger population. Oregon alone has already served over 20,000, and ~30 states have weighed similar models.

Eligibility estimate derived from published cost-effectiveness modeling (Marseille et al., 2023). Both pathways matter — the point is that they reach different, complementary populations.

Think it through

Two pathways to the same goal — reaching people who are suffering.

What do you think is the biggest barrier to access today?

Thanks for weighing in. Cost and coverage are exactly what ORCHID is built to address — illustrative tallies shown for reflection.

Compare the two pathways

~$1.1B
est. cost per approval
Years
to market
Diagnosis-bound
eligibility

Essential for clinical legitimacy and nationwide prescribing — but slow, expensive, and narrow by design. It reaches a specific diagnosis-restricted population, and insurance follows only after approval — and none has come yet: FDA’s 2024 rejection of MDMA-assisted therapy proved momentum isn’t approval, even as Washington moved in April 2026 to accelerate serious-mental-illness therapies, naming psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression.

Adults 21+
broad eligibility
Now
operating today
20,000+
served in Oregon

Already delivering care to far more people, regardless of diagnosis. What it lacks is the cost-and-outcome evidence payers need — which real-world studies inside the model can now generate.

+
complementary
Sooner
to broad access
Evidence
the shared currency

The fastest route to broad access pairs both: FDA approval for legitimacy and prescribing, the state model for real-world reach, and rigorous evidence linking the two. That combination can reach far more people, far sooner, than either alone.

In the news

The work, as the world is covering it.

Reporting and research on the foundation, Nathan Howard, and the studies reshaping access. Rotates automatically — tap any card to read the source.

KGW

An Oregon study finds psilocybin therapy eased depression for low-income participants.

Local coverage of the first depression study run inside the state's regulated psilocybin program — and what it could mean for people priced out of care.

Read on KGW
KLCC · NPR

A small Oregon study suggests group psilocybin care can reach people who usually can't afford it.

Public-radio reporting on the SEF-funded, low-income depression study and its implications for equitable access.

Listen / read
NUNM

Researchers report significant reductions in depression after psilocybin-assisted therapy.

The university's summary of the peer-reviewed results from the study SEF helped fund.

Read the results
OPB

Inside the first depression study conducted within Oregon's regulated program.

Statewide coverage of how researchers ran a rigorous study using the legal psilocybin model.

Read on OPB
The Guardian

As psychedelic therapy grows, the open question is who can actually afford it.

Reporting on the affordability gap that real-world research is now trying to close.

Read more
Fast Company

The economics of psychedelic care may decide whether it ever reaches scale.

A look at why cost evidence — not just clinical proof — is the next frontier for access.

Read more
SSRN · Working paper

A new paper argues psychedelic care must be judged on cost and access, not just efficacy.

Co-authored by SEF's Nathan Howard, on the case for economic evaluation in the field.

Read the paper
Psychedelic Alpha

Roughly 30 states have weighed psychedelic legislation in recent sessions.

A continuously updated tracker of the state-by-state policy momentum behind the model.

See the tracker
OHSU

Federal support backs standardized measurement for real-world psychedelic care.

How shared outcomes infrastructure is being built to make this evidence trustworthy.

Learn more
PR Newswire

SEF announces new real-world research inside state-regulated programs.

Foundation releases on the studies expanding the evidence base for accessible care.

Read announcements
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Get involved

Catalytic dollars here go further than almost anywhere in the field.

A $30,000 grant produced a peer-reviewed depression study. A few million could unlock the cost evidence that opens coverage for millions. There are three ways to move this work forward.

Fund a study

Catalytic, philanthropic capital to launch and complete real-world studies inside regulated programs — where every dollar stretches.

Support research

Partner & connect

Introductions to data partners, payers, employers, and states — the relationships that turn evidence into access.

Get in touch

Collaborate on research

Researchers, providers, and programs who want to build rigorous, shared-measurement studies in the model.

Propose a project

The case, in brief

Why this is the highest-leverage moment to invest

  1. The science is landing. Psilocybin and MDMA show strong results for depression and PTSD in rigorous trials.
  2. The policy momentum is historic. 115 psychedelics-related bills in 2026 alone — 17 signed into law — and states from Texas to Kentucky now fund FDA-track psychedelic development themselves.
  3. Commercial funding won't come. Off-patent compounds give pharma little reason to study them.
  4. Legal pathways already exist. Oregon and Colorado operate regulated programs; New Mexico is standing one up; New Jersey just enacted a $6M hospital pilot.
  5. Cost is the real barrier. At $2,000–$5,000 per session out of pocket, care is out of reach for most.
  6. Coverage needs evidence. Payers and states fund what real-world cost-and-outcome data supports.
  7. State models can generate it. Faster and far cheaper than the FDA pathway, with safety preserved.
  8. The proof of concept exists. A $30K grant delivered a peer-reviewed depression study (d=1.89).
  9. The leverage is enormous. A few million in evidence could unlock billions in coverage and public funding.

Access for millions, not just a few.

Carrying forward the work Sheri Eckert began — building the evidence, measurement, and access that make psychedelic care a public good.

The Sheri Eckert Foundation's Psychedelic Research Incubator funds and builds real-world research, measurement, and policy infrastructure — carrying forward the legacy of a woman who helped create the world's first publicly available, state-regulated psilocybin healthcare model.

The Sheri Eckert Foundation is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit project of the Oregon Research Foundation. This page summarizes research and policy for educational purposes; it is not medical or legal advice. Figures are sourced from cited studies and public reporting and are illustrative of scale, not precise forecasts.